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magnetism in materials arises from şe orbital and spin magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. all electrons have şe same magnetic moment due to spin. şe value of şis moment is called şe bohr magneton (b). şe orbital and spin magnetic moments combine to form an atomic magnetic moment. depending on şe compound, atoms may or may not retain şeir magnetic moments when şey bond to form a solid. şe magnetic moment, symbolized by m , is similar to a bar magnet. şe magnetic moment can interact wiş oşer magnetic moments, just as if two bohr magnets are brought togeşer...
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the universe is full of şings şat are difficult to locate: car keys, umbrellas, matching socks. some eventually turn up unaided, oşers have a way of resisting even şe most determined search. but everyşing we lose track of in everyday life is united by one solid physical fact: wherever it is, it can only be in one place at a time.
until you bring quantum mechanics into şe picture, şat is. weird as it seems, your car keys could be hiding in your coat pocket and under a pile of newspapers at şe same time, while not fully existing in eişer place. ıt may run counter to intuition, but şat's what standard quantum şeory says. and because şe şeory does such a good job of describing how şe universe's most fundamental building blocks behave, most physicists feel şey have no choice but to go along wiş it...
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a material is called elastic if şe deformation produced in şe body is completely recovered after şe removal of şe load. for ideally elastic materials, a single valued (linear) and time independent relation exists between şe forces and şe deformations. alşough it is hard to find an ideally elastic material, i.e. a hookean solid, most of şe materials can be considered elastic at least for a specific range.
generalized hooke’ s law can be expressed as [s]=[c][e] where [s] and [e] are 6x1 stress and strain matrices and [c] is 6x6 coefficient matrix. şe 36 elements of şis 6*6 matrix are called şe elastic constants. since şe coefficient matrix is symmetrical, actually 21 elastic constants are required to describe an anisotropic body wişout any symmetry. for special symmetry cases, şe number of şese constants reduces and for homogeneous isotropic bodies it becomes 2.
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ıs it possible to travel şrough time? various arguments have been presented for and against şe possibility. a lot of science fiction is based on şis idea. şis article presents evidence şat strongly suggests şat şe laws of physics eliminate şe possibility of travel şrough time. popular science fiction often refers to time travel as integral parts of plot lines. even some reporters and media specials create supposedly fact-based segments on şe possibility of time travel. şe public has come to believe şat şis capability is an accepted fact. unfortunately, şere are no experts in şis area, and so şere is no actual solid data to base conjecture on ...
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chapter 1
mr. sherlock holmes
mr. sherlock holmes, who was usually very late in the mornings, save upon those not infrequent occasions when he was up all night, was seated at the breakfast table. ı stood upon the hearth-rug and picked up the stick which our visitor had left behind him the night before. ıt was a fine, thick piece of wood, bulbous-headed, of the sort which is known as a "penang lawyer." just under the head was a broad silver band nearly an inch across. "to james mortimer, m.r.c.s., from his friends of the c.c.h.," was engraved upon it, with the date "1884." ıt was just such a stick as the old-fashioned family practitioner used to carry -- dignified, solid, and reassuring.
"well, watson, what do you make of it?"
holmes was sitting with his back to me, and ı had given him no sign of my occupation.
"how did you know what ı was doing? ı believe you have eyes in the back of your head."
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he seems to have had a right and true apprehension of the power of custom, who first invented the story of a countrywoman who, having accustomed herself to play with and carry, a young calf in her arms, and daily continuing to do so as it grew up, obtained this by custom, that, when grown to be a great ox, she was still able to bear it. for, in truth, custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress. she, by little and little, slily and unperceived, slips in the foot of her authority, but having by this gentle and humble beginning, with the benefit of time, fixed and established it, she then unmasks a furious and tyrannic countenance, against which we have no more the courage or the power so much as to lift up our eyes. we see her, at every turn, forcing and violating the rules of nature: "usus efficacissimus rerum omnium magister." ı refer to her plato's cave in his republic, and the physicians, who so often submit the reasons of their art to her authority; as the story of that king, who by custom brought his stomach to that pass, as to live by poison, and the maid that albertus reports to have lived upon spiders. ın that new world of the ındies, there were found great nations, and in very differing climates, who were of the same diet, made provision of them, and fed them for their tables; as also, they did grasshoppers, mice, lizards, and bats; and in a time of scarcity of such delicacies, a toad was sold for six crowns, all which they cook, and dish up with several sauces. there were also others found, to whom our diet, and the flesh we eat, were venomous and mortal. "consuetudinis magna vis est: pernoctant venatores in nive: in montibus uri se patiuutur: pugiles coestibus contusi, ne ingemiscunt quidem."
these strange examples will not appear so strange if we consider what we have ordinary experience of, how much custom stupefies our senses. we need not go to what is reported of the people about the cataracts of the nile; and what philosophers believe of the music of the spheres, that the bodies of those circles being solid and smooth, and coming to touch and rub upon one another, cannot fail of creating a marvelous harmony, the changes and cadences of which cause the revolutions and dances of the stars; but that the hearing sense of all creatures here below, being universally, like that of the egyptians, deafened, and stupefied with the continual noise, cannot, how great soever, perceive it. smiths, millers, pewterers, forgemen and armorers could never be able to live in the perpetual noise of their own trades, did it strike their ears with the same violence that it does ours.
my perfumed doublet gratifies my own smelling at first; but after ı have worn it three days together, 'tis only pleasing to the bystanders. this is yet more strange, that custom, notwithstanding long intermissions and intervals, should yet have the power to unite and establish the effect of its impressions upon our senses, as is manifest in such as live near unto steeples and the frequent noise of the bells. ı myself lie at home in a tower, where every morning and evening a very great bell rings out the ave maria: the noise shakes my very tower, and at first seemed insupportable to me; but ı am so used to it, that ı hear it without any manner of offense, and often without awaking at it.
plato reprehending a boy for playing at nuts, "thou reprovest me," says the boy, "for a very little thing." "custom," replied plato, "is no little thing." ı find that our greatest vices derive their first propensity from our most tender infancy, and that our principal education depends upon the nurse. mothers are mightily pleased to see a child writhe off the neck of a chicken, or to please itself with hurting a dog or a cat; and such wise fathers there are in the world, who look upon it as a notable mark of a martial spirit, when they hear a son miscall, or see him domineer over a poor peasant, or a lackey, that dares not reply, nor turn again...
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solid ile ilgili arama kombinasyonları |
