Transformers
Transformers are one of the most common and useful applications of inductunce. They can step up or step down an input primary voltage(V1) to a secondary voltage(V2). The relationship is given by V1/V2=n, where n is the ratio of the primary turns to the secondary turns.
The parameter n can be adjusted by editing the transformer's model.
To properly simulate the transformers, both sides must have a common reference point, which may be ground.
Diode
A diode conducts electric current very easily in one direction and very poorly in the other direction. It is the simplest form of solid-state switch, being either open or closed.
An ideal diode is included in the parts bin. You can specify a real-world diode by changing
its model.
Capacitor
A capacitor stores electric energy in the form of an electrostatic field. It affects AC relative
to capacitance and frequency and DC depending on capacitance alone.
Its capacitance, measured in farads, can be any value from pF to mF.
Resistor
A resistor's resistance is measured in ohms. It can have any value, from ohm to kiloohm
Zener diode
Zener diodes are special diodes designed to continue operation within the reverse breakdown or Zener region, beyond the peak inverse voltage rating of normal diodes. This reverse breakdown voltage is called the Zener test voltage (Vzt), which can range between 2.4V and 200V.
Zener diodes are used primarily for voltage regulation.
BJTs (Bipolar junction transistors)
BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) are current-based valves used for controlling electronic currents and for amplication and switching applications. They are three layer devices with two junction:base-emitter and base-collector.
BJTs come in two versions, PNP and NPN. They have different power supply polarities and internal current flow directions. The letters refer to the polarities (positive or negative) of the materials that make up the transistors "sandwich."
Transistors began the solid-state phase of electronics, and they still play an important part. Their small size made "chip" technology possible; even small ICs (integrated circuit) may contain many transistors. Transistors make battery power practical for instruments and communicators, allowing very complex systems to be light and portable.
The parts bin includes two BJTs:
NPN BJT
PNP BJT
Potentiometer(Variable resistor)
A potentiometer is much like a regular resistor, except that you can adjust its setting.In the value dialog box, you can set the potentiometer's resistance, initial setting (%) and increment(%).You also identifiy the key that you want to use to control the setting.
Voltmeter
Use the voltmeter in the parts bin to measure DC or AC voltage difference between test points in a circuit. Attach its probes in paralel with the points you want to measure.The side with the darker border is the negative terminal.You can use as many voltmeters as you want.
To specifiy whether the voltmeteris to measure the DC or AC component of a signal, double-click it and choose the mode you want.When set to AC,the voltmeter displays the RMS value of the signal.
The voltmeter is present to a very high internal resistance (1Megaohm), which generally has no effect on a circuit. You can increase this resistance;however, using an extremelly high-resistance voltmeter in a low-resistance circuit may result in a mathematical error during simulation.
Ammeter
Insert an ammeter in series with the circuit wherever you want to measure current. The side with the darker border is the negative terminal. You can use as many ammeters from the parts bin as you want.
To specify whether you want an ammeter to measure a signal's DC or AC component, double-click it, then choose the mode you want.When set to AC, the ammeter displays the RMS value of the signal.
The ammeter's internal resistance is present to 1megaohm, which should have little effect on a circuit. You can lower this resistance; however, using an ammeter with very low resistance in a high-resistance circuit may result in a mathematical error during simulation.
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